Gargareans
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In Greek mythology, the Gargareans, or Gargarenses, (Greek: Γαργαρείς Gargareis) were an all-male tribe. They copulated with the Amazons annually in order to keep both tribes reproductive. The Amazons kept the female children, raising them as warriors, and gave the males to the Gargareans.[1] According to K. V. Trever, it is possible that the "Amazons" mentioned by ancient authors are a distorted ethnic term, "Alazons," meaning the inhabitants of the area along the Alazani River, among whom vestiges of matriarchy may have persisted somewhat longer than among other Caucasian peoples.[2]
The ancient Greek geographer Strabo placed the Gargareans on the northern foothills of the Caucasus. Gaius Plinius Secundus likewise localizes the Gargareans north of the Caucasus Mountains, but calls them Gegar.[3] Some scholars identify the Gargareans with the Rutulians.[4][5][6] Other scholars identify them with the Galgaï.[7][8][9] According to E. Krupnov, the accuracy of the localization of Strabo's Gargareans in Galga-chuv (Ingushetia) is confirmed by archaeological, anthropological and ethnographic data.[10]
In the 2nd century BC the Gargareans inhabited the right bank of the Kura River, at the time when the Armenian king Artaxias I incorporated the area into the Armenian kingdom. The Gargareans, together with the locally settled tribes of the Shaki and the Utii, being politically fragmented, were unable to resist the seizure of their lands. In the 3rd century AD the Gargareans are reported to have moved down from the Caucasus foothills into the lowland region (the area corresponding to the modern Karabakh steppe); according to Kamilla Trever, some of them may have remained there permanently.[2]
According to Strabo, the Gargareans, who originally inhabited Themiscyra along with the Amazons before they split, with the help of the Thracians and Euboeans declared war on the Amazons; the conflict ended in a pact between the two peoples, namely, that there should be a companionship only with respect to offspring, and that they should live each independent of the other.[11]
References
[edit]- ^ Strabo, Geography, Bk. 11, Ch. 5, Sec. 1
- ^ a b Trever, K. V. (1959). Очерки по истории и культуре Кавказской Албании IV в. до н. э.−VII в. н. э. (EN: Essays on the History and Culture of Caucasian Albania, 4th century BC–7th century AD) (in Russian). Moscow–Leningrad: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. pp. 48, 58.
- ^ Latyshev, V. V. (1890–1906). Izvestiia drevnikh pisateleĭ grecheskikh i latinskikh o Skifii i Kavkaz Известия древних писателей греческих и латинских о Скифии и Кавказе [Reports of ancient Latin and Greek authors about Scythians in the Caucasus]. Vol. 1 (1890), vol. 2 parts 1 (1904) and 2 (1906). Saint Petersburg.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Krupnov 1971, p. 25. - ^ Musaev, G. M. (2009). S. A. Luguyev (ed.). Цахуры. Историко-этнографическое исследование XVIII-XIX вв. (EN: Tsakhurs: A Historical and Ethnographic Study of the 18th–19th Centuries) (in Russian). Epoch Publishing House. p. 33.
- ^ Ibragimov, Garun Khalilovich (1980). "Historical Characteristics of the Tsakhur Self-Name Yikhby". Ономастика Кавказа (EN: Onomastics of the Caucasus) (in Russian). Ordzhonikidze: North Ossetian State University named after K. L. Khetagurov. p. 67.
- ^ Tishkov, Valery Alexandrovich (2007). VII Конгресс этнографов и антропологов России, Саранск, 9--14 июля 2007 (EN: VII Congress of Ethnographers and Anthropologists of Russia, Saransk, 9–14 July 2007) (in Russian). Research Institute of Humanities under the Government of the Republic of Mordovia. p. 124. ISBN 9785900029344.
- ^ Von Klaproth, Julius (1812). Reise in Den Kaukasus Und Nach Georgien Unternommen in Den Jahren 1807 Und 1808 [Journey to the Caucasus and Georgia undertaken in the years 1807 and 1808] (in German). Halle and Berlin: Hallisches Waisenhaus. pp. 650–651.
- ^ Robakidze, A. I. (1968). Kavkazskiĭ ėtnograficheskiĭ sbornik, II. Ocherki ėtnografii Gornoĭ Ingushetii Кавказский этнографический сборник, II. Очерки этнографии Горной Ингушетии [Caucasian ethnographical collection, II: notes on the ethnography of Mountainous Ingushetia] (in Russian). Tbilisi: Metsniereba. pp. 15, 27, 204.
- ^ Mayor, Adrienne (2016). The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World. Princeton University Press. p. 361. ISBN 9780691170275.
- ^ Krupnov, E. I. (1971). Srednevekovaia Ingushetiia Средневековая Ингушетия [Medieval Ingushetia] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. p. 26.
- ^ The geography of Strabo. Book XI. Cap V, Sec. 2
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