1985 Virginia gubernatorial election
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| Turnout | 53.0% (voting eligible)[1] | ||||||||||||||||
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  Baliles: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Durrette: 50–60% 60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Elections in Virginia |
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In the 1985 Virginia gubernatorial election, incumbent Governor Chuck Robb, a Democrat, was unable to seek re-election due to term limits. Jerry Baliles, the Attorney General of Virginia, was nominated by the Democratic Party to run against Republican, Wyatt B. Durrette in a re-match of the 1981 Attorney General election.
Background
[edit]During the 1970s the formerly dominant Virginia Democratic Party became severely divided into conservative, moderate and liberal factions.[2] Consequently, the Republican Party, aided by large-scale in-migration from the Northeast to Washington D.C and Richmond suburbs, was, aided by alliances with Democratic conservatives, able to claim the governorship three consecutive times between 1969 and 1977.[3] Indeed, the division in the state Democrats was so bad that they did not nominate a candidate for governor in 1973 — most of the party supported populist Henry Howell,[4] who was mortally feared by the major industries and utilities.[5] The failure of Howell in 1973 and more decisively in 1977 helped mortally weaken the radicalism he stood for,[6] and pushed the state Democratic Party to a centrist path subsequently referred to by the moniker "New Democrats".
Chuck Robb, a son-in-law of former President Lyndon B. Johnson, would win the lieutenant governorship in 1977 with a candid but positive campaign,[7] and regain the governorship in 1981 by placing the party solidly back in the state's mainstream,[3] aided by bitter division inside the state GOP.[8] By 1984, amidst a Democratic presidential election debacle, Robb had become head of the Democratic Governors Association,[9] and had high approval ratings as he prepared to leave office[10] – one poll had his approval rating at 80 percent.[11]
Democratic nomination
[edit]Candidates
[edit]- Jerry Baliles, Attorney General of Virginia
- Dick Davis, Lieutenant Governor of Virginia
Davis, who had apparently been endorsed by the AFL-CIO, would withdraw in June before the primary to unify the party behind Baliles.[12]
Republican nomination
[edit]1981 Attorney General nominee Wyatt Durrette was always regarded as the party's front-runner, with his chief rival being Eighth District Congressman Stanford Parris.[13] Although a decision was planned for the last week of May, Parris withdrew at the beginning of that month.[14]
General election
[edit]Candidates
[edit]- Jerry Baliles, Attorney General of Virginia (Democratic)
- Wyatt Durrette, former State Delegate from Fairfax and 1981 Republican nominee for Attorney General of Virginia (Republican)
Predictions
[edit]| Source | Ranking | As of |
|---|---|---|
| Danville Register and Bee[15] | Tossup | July 19, 1985 |
| The Star-Ledger[16] | Likely D | October 27, 1985 |
| The Saginaw News[11] | Likely D | October 31, 1985 |
| New York Times[17] | Likely D | November 5, 1985 |
Results
[edit]| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Gerald L. Baliles | 741,438 | 55.20% | +1.67% | |
| Republican | Wyatt B. Durrette Jr. | 601,652 | 44.79% | −1.63% | |
| Write-ins | 153 | 0.01% | |||
| Majority | 139,786 | 10.41% | +3.30% | ||
| Turnout | 1,343,243 | 32.2% | −5.1% | ||
| Democratic hold | Swing | ||||
Results by county or independent city
[edit]| Gerald Lee Baliles Democratic |
Wyatt Beazley Durrette Jr. Republican |
Various candidates Write-ins |
Margin | Total votes cast | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Accomack County | 4,476 | 49.34% | 4,596 | 50.66% | -120 | -1.32% | 9,072 | ||
| Albemarle County | 7,528 | 55.25% | 6,096 | 44.74% | 1 | 0.01% | 1,432 | 10.51% | 13,625 |
| Alleghany County | 1,791 | 61.72% | 1,111 | 38.28% | 680 | 23.43% | 2,902 | ||
| Amelia County | 1,522 | 50.53% | 1,490 | 49.47% | 32 | 1.06% | 3,012 | ||
| Amherst County | 4,001 | 53.78% | 3,438 | 46.22% | 563 | 7.57% | 7,439 | ||
| Appomattox County | 2,623 | 58.35% | 1,872 | 41.65% | 751 | 16.71% | 4,495 | ||
| Arlington County | 26,436 | 65.17% | 14,124 | 34.82% | 7 | 0.02% | 12,312 | 30.35% | 40,567 |
| Augusta County | 4,936 | 42.16% | 6,771 | 57.84% | -1,835 | -15.67% | 11,707 | ||
| Bath County | 685 | 57.71% | 502 | 42.29% | 183 | 15.42% | 1,187 | ||
| Bedford County | 5,070 | 51.94% | 4,692 | 48.06% | 378 | 3.87% | 9,762 | ||
| Bland County | 874 | 51.72% | 816 | 48.28% | 58 | 3.43% | 1,690 | ||
| Botetourt County | 2,528 | 55.20% | 2,051 | 44.78% | 1 | 0.02% | 477 | 10.41% | 4,580 |
| Brunswick County | 2,760 | 62.74% | 1,639 | 37.26% | 1,121 | 25.48% | 4,399 | ||
| Buchanan County | 4,390 | 65.85% | 2,277 | 34.15% | 2,113 | 31.69% | 6,667 | ||
| Buckingham County | 2,075 | 57.37% | 1,542 | 42.63% | 533 | 14.74% | 3,617 | ||
| Campbell County | 4,932 | 45.92% | 5,808 | 54.08% | -876 | -8.16% | 10,740 | ||
| Caroline County | 2,836 | 64.18% | 1,583 | 35.82% | 1,253 | 28.35% | 4,419 | ||
| Carroll County | 2,687 | 45.06% | 3,276 | 54.94% | -589 | -9.88% | 5,963 | ||
| Charles City County | 1,487 | 77.49% | 432 | 22.51% | 1,055 | 54.98% | 1,919 | ||
| Charlotte County | 1,923 | 54.17% | 1,627 | 45.83% | 296 | 8.34% | 3,550 | ||
| Chesterfield County | 18,850 | 38.94% | 29,540 | 61.03% | 16 | 0.03% | -10,690 | -22.08% | 48,406 |
| Clarke County | 1,166 | 55.16% | 948 | 44.84% | 218 | 10.31% | 2,114 | ||
| Craig County | 909 | 55.22% | 737 | 44.78% | 172 | 10.45% | 1,646 | ||
| Culpeper County | 2,455 | 48.38% | 2,619 | 51.62% | -164 | -3.23% | 5,074 | ||
| Cumberland County | 1,355 | 49.54% | 1,380 | 50.46% | -25 | -0.91% | 2,735 | ||
| Dickenson County | 3,325 | 61.81% | 2,054 | 38.19% | 1,271 | 23.63% | 5,379 | ||
| Dinwiddie County | 3,310 | 58.24% | 2,372 | 41.74% | 1 | 0.02% | 938 | 16.51% | 5,683 |
| Essex County | 1,224 | 49.08% | 1,270 | 50.92% | -46 | -1.84% | 2,494 | ||
| Fairfax County | 87,542 | 55.33% | 70,656 | 44.66% | 8 | 0.01% | 16,886 | 10.67% | 158,206 |
| Fauquier County | 4,175 | 50.03% | 4,168 | 49.95% | 2 | 0.02% | 7 | 0.08% | 8,345 |
| Floyd County | 1,522 | 49.29% | 1,566 | 50.71% | -44 | -1.42% | 3,088 | ||
| Fluvanna County | 1,260 | 53.19% | 1,109 | 46.81% | 151 | 6.37% | 2,369 | ||
| Franklin County | 4,826 | 62.05% | 2,950 | 37.93% | 1 | 0.01% | 1,876 | 24.12% | 7,777 |
| Frederick County | 3,475 | 50.14% | 3,455 | 49.86% | 20 | 0.29% | 6,930 | ||
| Giles County | 2,650 | 57.68% | 1,944 | 42.32% | 706 | 15.37% | 4,594 | ||
| Gloucester County | 3,418 | 50.18% | 3,394 | 49.82% | 24 | 0.35% | 6,812 | ||
| Goochland County | 2,224 | 51.77% | 2,072 | 48.23% | 152 | 3.54% | 4,296 | ||
| Grayson County | 2,448 | 53.58% | 2,121 | 46.42% | 327 | 7.16% | 4,569 | ||
| Greene County | 700 | 41.15% | 1,000 | 58.79% | 1 | 0.06% | -300 | -17.64% | 1,701 |
| Greensville County | 1,997 | 63.04% | 1,171 | 36.96% | 826 | 26.07% | 3,168 | ||
| Halifax County | 3,778 | 50.73% | 3,670 | 49.27% | 108 | 1.45% | 7,448 | ||
| Hanover County | 6,535 | 37.85% | 10,726 | 62.12% | 5 | 0.03% | -4,191 | -24.27% | 17,266 |
| Henrico County | 27,424 | 45.20% | 33,218 | 54.75% | 32 | 0.05% | -5,794 | -9.55% | 60,674 |
| Henry County | 9,184 | 62.81% | 5,437 | 37.19% | 3,747 | 25.63% | 14,621 | ||
| Highland County | 437 | 50.70% | 425 | 49.30% | 12 | 1.39% | 862 | ||
| Isle of Wight County | 3,761 | 57.18% | 2,817 | 42.82% | 944 | 14.35% | 6,578 | ||
| James City County | 3,621 | 53.14% | 3,193 | 46.86% | 428 | 6.28% | 6,814 | ||
| King and Queen County | 1,138 | 60.92% | 730 | 39.08% | 408 | 21.84% | 1,868 | ||
| King George County | 1,271 | 56.36% | 984 | 43.64% | 287 | 12.73% | 2,255 | ||
| King William County | 1,532 | 50.63% | 1,494 | 49.37% | 38 | 1.26% | 3,026 | ||
| Lancaster County | 1,708 | 44.17% | 2,159 | 55.83% | -451 | -11.66% | 3,867 | ||
| Lee County | 3,984 | 62.43% | 2,398 | 37.57% | 1,586 | 24.85% | 6,382 | ||
| Loudoun County | 7,925 | 53.81% | 6,802 | 46.18% | 1 | 0.01% | 1,123 | 7.62% | 14,728 |
| Louisa County | 2,856 | 57.56% | 2,104 | 42.40% | 2 | 0.04% | 752 | 15.16% | 4,962 |
| Lunenburg County | 1,804 | 56.85% | 1,369 | 43.15% | 435 | 13.71% | 3,173 | ||
| Madison County | 1,538 | 52.62% | 1,385 | 47.38% | 153 | 5.23% | 2,923 | ||
| Mathews County | 1,298 | 47.06% | 1,460 | 52.94% | -162 | -5.87% | 2,758 | ||
| Mecklenburg County | 3,195 | 48.70% | 3,365 | 51.30% | -170 | -2.59% | 6,560 | ||
| Middlesex County | 1,500 | 51.35% | 1,421 | 48.65% | 79 | 2.70% | 2,921 | ||
| Montgomery County | 7,702 | 57.03% | 5,801 | 42.96% | 1 | 0.01% | 1,901 | 14.08% | 13,504 |
| Nelson County | 2,043 | 66.20% | 1,043 | 33.80% | 1,000 | 32.40% | 3,086 | ||
| New Kent County | 1,436 | 49.81% | 1,447 | 50.19% | -11 | -0.38% | 2,883 | ||
| Northampton County | 2,375 | 60.68% | 1,539 | 39.32% | 836 | 21.36% | 3,914 | ||
| Northumberland County | 1,657 | 45.13% | 2,015 | 54.87% | -358 | -9.75% | 3,672 | ||
| Nottoway County | 2,269 | 53.24% | 1,993 | 46.76% | 276 | 6.48% | 4,262 | ||
| Orange County | 2,243 | 51.44% | 2,117 | 48.56% | 126 | 2.89% | 4,360 | ||
| Page County | 2,330 | 53.35% | 2,037 | 46.65% | 293 | 6.71% | 4,367 | ||
| Patrick County | 3,249 | 70.43% | 1,364 | 29.57% | 1,885 | 40.86% | 4,613 | ||
| Pittsylvania County | 6,886 | 46.21% | 8,014 | 53.79% | -1,128 | -7.57% | 14,900 | ||
| Powhatan County | 1,498 | 39.72% | 2,273 | 60.28% | -775 | -20.55% | 3,771 | ||
| Prince Edward County | 2,736 | 56.09% | 2,140 | 43.87% | 2 | 0.04% | 596 | 12.22% | 4,878 |
| Prince George County | 2,400 | 48.31% | 2,568 | 51.69% | -168 | -3.38% | 4,968 | ||
| Prince William County | 13,499 | 55.30% | 10,909 | 44.69% | 4 | 0.02% | 2,590 | 10.61% | 24,412 |
| Pulaski County | 5,380 | 59.74% | 3,626 | 40.26% | 1,754 | 19.48% | 9,006 | ||
| Rappahannock County | 930 | 55.59% | 743 | 44.41% | 187 | 11.18% | 1,673 | ||
| Richmond County | 929 | 46.15% | 1,084 | 53.85% | -155 | -7.70% | 2,013 | ||
| Roanoke County | 10,710 | 53.44% | 9,332 | 46.56% | 1 | 0.00% | 1,378 | 6.88% | 20,043 |
| Rockbridge County | 1,878 | 52.87% | 1,672 | 47.07% | 2 | 0.06% | 206 | 5.80% | 3,552 |
| Rockingham County | 4,229 | 41.73% | 5,904 | 58.27% | -1,675 | -16.53% | 10,133 | ||
| Russell County | 4,622 | 64.53% | 2,541 | 35.47% | 2,081 | 29.05% | 7,163 | ||
| Scott County | 3,453 | 54.28% | 2,909 | 45.72% | 544 | 8.55% | 6,362 | ||
| Shenandoah County | 3,138 | 42.16% | 4,305 | 57.84% | -1,167 | -15.68% | 7,443 | ||
| Smyth County | 4,426 | 52.55% | 3,996 | 47.45% | 430 | 5.11% | 8,422 | ||
| Southampton County | 2,721 | 51.55% | 2,557 | 48.45% | 164 | 3.11% | 5,278 | ||
| Spotsylvania County | 4,146 | 54.61% | 3,446 | 45.39% | 700 | 9.22% | 7,592 | ||
| Stafford County | 5,078 | 50.48% | 4,980 | 49.50% | 2 | 0.02% | 98 | 0.97% | 10,060 |
| Surry County | 1,405 | 65.44% | 742 | 34.56% | 663 | 30.88% | 2,147 | ||
| Sussex County | 2,066 | 61.18% | 1,311 | 38.82% | 755 | 22.36% | 3,377 | ||
| Tazewell County | 4,722 | 58.97% | 3,285 | 41.03% | 1,437 | 17.95% | 8,007 | ||
| Warren County | 2,327 | 56.23% | 1,811 | 43.77% | 516 | 12.47% | 4,138 | ||
| Washington County | 5,691 | 53.55% | 4,936 | 46.45% | 755 | 7.10% | 10,627 | ||
| Westmoreland County | 1,972 | 57.06% | 1,484 | 42.94% | 488 | 14.12% | 3,456 | ||
| Wise County | 6,445 | 65.57% | 3,384 | 34.43% | 3,061 | 31.14% | 9,829 | ||
| Wythe County | 3,597 | 53.03% | 3,186 | 46.97% | 411 | 6.06% | 6,783 | ||
| York County | 4,536 | 48.60% | 4,795 | 51.38% | 2 | 0.02% | -259 | -2.78% | 9,333 |
| Alexandria City | 15,506 | 65.12% | 8,304 | 34.87% | 3 | 0.01% | 7,202 | 30.24% | 23,813 |
| Bedford City | 1,171 | 59.50% | 797 | 40.50% | 374 | 19.00% | 1,968 | ||
| Bristol City | 2,734 | 56.77% | 2,082 | 43.23% | 652 | 13.54% | 4,816 | ||
| Buena Vista City | 1,041 | 59.52% | 708 | 40.48% | 333 | 19.04% | 1,749 | ||
| Charlottesville City | 5,715 | 66.02% | 2,941 | 33.97% | 1 | 0.01% | 2,774 | 32.04% | 8,657 |
| Chesapeake City | 16,495 | 59.21% | 11,364 | 40.79% | 1 | 0.00% | 5,131 | 18.42% | 27,860 |
| Clifton Forge City | 815 | 67.13% | 399 | 32.87% | 416 | 34.27% | 1,214 | ||
| Colonial Heights City | 1,950 | 36.19% | 3,437 | 63.79% | 1 | 0.02% | -1,487 | -27.60% | 5,388 |
| Covington City | 1,625 | 67.23% | 792 | 32.77% | 833 | 34.46% | 2,417 | ||
| Danville City | 4,718 | 41.87% | 6,548 | 58.12% | 1 | 0.01% | -1,830 | -16.24% | 11,267 |
| Emporia City | 779 | 51.02% | 748 | 48.98% | 31 | 2.03% | 1,527 | ||
| Fairfax City | 2,577 | 50.38% | 2,538 | 49.62% | 39 | 0.76% | 5,115 | ||
| Falls Church City | 1,816 | 60.07% | 1,206 | 39.89% | 1 | 0.03% | 610 | 20.18% | 3,023 |
| Franklin City | 1,307 | 59.41% | 893 | 40.59% | 414 | 18.82% | 2,200 | ||
| Fredericksburg City | 2,186 | 54.46% | 1,827 | 45.52% | 1 | 0.02% | 359 | 8.94% | 4,014 |
| Galax City | 1,087 | 56.00% | 854 | 44.00% | 233 | 12.00% | 1,941 | ||
| Hampton City | 16,634 | 60.92% | 10,671 | 39.08% | 1 | 0.00% | 5,963 | 21.84% | 27,306 |
| Harrisonburg City | 2,298 | 47.36% | 2,553 | 52.62% | 1 | 0.02% | -255 | -5.26% | 4,852 |
| Hopewell City | 2,999 | 48.58% | 3,173 | 51.40% | 1 | 0.02% | -174 | -2.82% | 6,173 |
| Lexington City | 883 | 54.88% | 726 | 45.12% | 157 | 9.76% | 1,609 | ||
| Lynchburg City | 8,389 | 48.85% | 8,784 | 51.15% | -395 | -2.30% | 17,173 | ||
| Manassas City | 1,534 | 48.54% | 1,626 | 51.46% | -92 | -2.91% | 3,160 | ||
| Manassas Park City | 457 | 54.67% | 379 | 45.33% | 78 | 9.33% | 836 | ||
| Martinsville City | 3,220 | 60.89% | 2,068 | 39.11% | 1,152 | 21.79% | 5,288 | ||
| Newport News City | 19,429 | 57.37% | 14,433 | 42.61% | 7 | 0.02% | 4,996 | 14.75% | 33,869 |
| Norfolk City | 30,857 | 67.79% | 14,652 | 32.19% | 8 | 0.02% | 16,205 | 35.60% | 45,517 |
| Norton City | 945 | 70.21% | 401 | 29.79% | 544 | 40.42% | 1,346 | ||
| Petersburg City | 7,556 | 67.71% | 3,604 | 32.29% | 3,952 | 35.41% | 11,160 | ||
| Poquoson City | 1,154 | 39.74% | 1,750 | 60.26% | -596 | -20.52% | 2,904 | ||
| Portsmouth City | 19,098 | 67.82% | 9,059 | 32.17% | 3 | 0.01% | 10,039 | 35.65% | 28,160 |
| Radford City | 1,977 | 59.19% | 1,363 | 40.81% | 614 | 18.38% | 3,340 | ||
| Richmond City | 42,953 | 67.24% | 20,904 | 32.72% | 22 | 0.03% | 22,049 | 34.52% | 63,879 |
| Roanoke City | 13,380 | 64.78% | 7,272 | 35.21% | 2 | 0.01% | 6,108 | 29.57% | 20,654 |
| Salem City | 3,082 | 55.27% | 2,493 | 44.71% | 1 | 0.02% | 589 | 10.56% | 5,576 |
| South Boston City | 890 | 44.26% | 1,121 | 55.74% | -231 | -11.49% | 2,011 | ||
| Staunton City | 2,729 | 45.27% | 3,299 | 54.73% | -570 | -9.46% | 6,028 | ||
| Suffolk City | 7,937 | 61.18% | 5,037 | 38.82% | 2,900 | 22.35% | 12,974 | ||
| Virginia Beach City | 29,967 | 49.03% | 31,144 | 50.96% | 5 | 0.01% | -1,177 | -1.93% | 61,116 |
| Waynesboro City | 2,217 | 53.27% | 1,945 | 46.73% | 272 | 6.54% | 4,162 | ||
| Williamsburg City | 1,284 | 58.66% | 905 | 41.34% | 379 | 17.31% | 2,189 | ||
| Winchester City | 2,443 | 53.34% | 2,137 | 46.66% | 306 | 6.68% | 4,580 | ||
| Totals | 741,438 | 55.20% | 601,652 | 44.79% | 153 | 0.01% | 139,786 | 10.41% | 1,343,243 |
Analysis
[edit]This was the most recent time the Democratic candidate won a gubernatorial race in Virginia with a double-digit margin of victory, until 2025, when Abigail Spanberger won by a double digit margin. It is also the last time, and only time since 1961,[20] that a gubernatorial candidate swept every congressional district in the state, and the last time Amelia County, Bland County, Botetourt County, Clarke County, Fauquier County, Frederick County, Gloucester County, Goochland County, Grayson County, Highland County, King George County, King William County, Madison County, Middlesex County, Orange County, Page County, Patrick County, Rappahannock County, Roanoke County, Russell County, Scott County, Warren County, Washington County, Wythe County, or the independent cities of Bristol and Galax backed a Democrat for Governor. Spotsylvania County, Stafford County, and the independent city of Waynesboro would not back a Democrat for governor again until 2025.
The election attracted press attention for the poor turnout, which was overall the lowest for a gubernatorial election since 1969,[21] and sufficiently low that winning Democrat Baliles polled fewer votes in the state than Walter Mondale had when decisively beaten in the previous years's presidential election. It was the first election since 1961 when the state's electorate was still severely restricted by the poll tax that turnout had fallen from the preceding gubernatorial election.[20] This was widely seen as being substantially due to the Election Day floods, but as the Danville Register and Bee noted, turnout declines were worst in Northern Virginia[21] which was not affected by flooding.
References
[edit]- ^ Virginia Department of Elections (2016). "Registration/Turnout Statistics". The Commonwealth of Virginia. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
- ^ Bass, Jack; De Vries, Walter (1995). The Transformation of Southern Politics: Social Change and Political Consequence Since 1945. pp. 347–353.
- ^ a b Edds, Margaret (1990). Claiming the dream: the victorious campaign of Douglas Wilder of Virginia. p. 14. ISBN 0912697857.
- ^ Bass; De Vries (1995). The Transformation of Southern Politics. p. 360.
- ^ Peirce, Neal R. (1975). The Border South States; people, politics, and power in the five Border South States. New York City: Norton. pp. 64–65. ISBN 9780393055313.
- ^ Sweeney, James R. (2022). "Armageddon Revisited: The 1973 Gubernatorial Election in Virginia". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 130 (4). Virginia Historical Society: 290–347.
- ^ Fleming, Stephen R. (January 1978). "Lieutenant Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia". Virginia Record. pp. 30–31, 89.
- ^ Rozell, Mark J. (1996). Second Coming: The New Christian Right in Virginia Politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 43–46. ISBN 0801852978.
- ^ From, Al (2013). The New Democrats and the Return to Power. New York City: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 49. ISBN 9781137278647.
- ^ Rozell (1996). Second Coming. p. 31.
- ^ a b Farmer, John J. (October 31, 1985). "Democrats May Win Top Offices in Virginia Races: One Candidate Black, One Female". The Saginaw News. Newhouse News Service. p. D8.
- ^ Fisher, Margie (June 9, 1985). "Party leaders Praise Democratic Nominees". The Roanoke Times. pp. A1, A10.
- ^ Bowles, George (April 19, 1985). "Five Going for the GOP's Gold Ring". Suffolk News-Herald. p. 4.
- ^ "Last Week Davis, This Week Parris". The Roanoke Times. May 3, 1985. p. A8.
- ^ Jackman, Frank (July 19, 1985). "Polls Show State Races Are Close". Danville Register and Bee. p. 3A.
- ^ Farmer, John J. (October 27, 1985). "'Liberal' Democratic Gubernatorial Sweep Likely in Conservative Virginia". The Star-Ledger. Newark, New Jersey. p. 3A.
- ^ Clendinen, Dudley (November 5, 1985). "In Virginia, A Republican Sees Signs of Hope But Polls Do Not". New York Times. p. 3A.
- ^ Leip, Dave. "1985 Gubernatorial General Election Results – Virginia". US Election Atlas.
- ^ "VA Governor – November 05, 1985". Our Campaigns.
- ^ a b Sabato, Larry (January 1986). "The 1985 Statewide Election in Virginia: History Quietly Writ Large" (PDF). University of Virginia Newsletter. Vol. 62, no. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2016.
- ^ a b "Voter Turnout for Election Lowest Since 1969". Danville Register and Bee. November 17, 1985. p. 4B.
