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Genocid u Pojasu Gaze

S Wikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije
Genocid u Gazi
[[Datoteka:
Od vrha ka dnu, s lijeva na desno:
  • Razaranje u sjevernoj Gazi, februar 2025.
  • Uništeno vozilo hitne pomoći palestinskog Crvenog polumjeseca, januar 2024.
  • Palestinski civili primaju pomoć na podu pretrpanog odjela hitne pomoći bolnice el-Shifa u gradu Gazi, oktobar 2023.
  • Uništena džamija, februar 2025.
  • Djeca prikupljaju pomoć u hrani, august 2024.
|250px]]
LokacijaPojas Gaze
MetaPalestinci
Vrsta napadaGenocid, kolektivno kažnjavanje, masovna ubistva, etničko čišćenje, prisilno raseljavanje, bombardovanje, ciljana ubistva, izgladnjivanje kao metoda rata, mučenje, silovanje
Mrtvih
  • Najmanje 64.600 direktno ubijenih (smrtni slučajevi od traumatskih povreda)[a][b]
  • Neke procjene idu i do 335.500+, uključujući smrtne slučajeve uzrokovane "indirektnim" ili netraumatskim povredama[c][d][11][12]
RanjenihNajmanje 163.500[1][13]
Žrtve
  • Cijelo stanovništvo doživljava "visok nivo akutne nesigurnosti u pogledu hrane", pri čemu oko 32% doživljava katastrofalne nivoe; potvrđena glad u Gazi[14]
  • 1,900,000+ interno raseljenih osoba[15][16]
  • Oštećenje ili uništenje otprilike 92% domova i 50% zgrada u Gazi[17][18][19][e]
PočiniociIzraelske odbrambene snage
Osumnjičeni počinilac(oci)Izrael

Potencijalno saučesništvo

Eksperti, vlade, agencije Ujedinjenih nacija i nevladine organizacije optužile su Izrael da je izvršio genocid nad palestinskim narodom tokom svoje invazije i bombardiranja pojasa Gaze u ratu između Izraela i Hamasa.[21][22] Različiti posmatrači, uključujući Specijalni komitet UN-a za istraživanje izraelske prakse i Francesca Albanese (specijalna izvjestiteljica Ujedinjenih naroda),[23] citirali su izjave visokih izraelskih zvaničnika koje bi mogle ukazivati ​​na "namjeru da se uništi" (u cijelosti ili djelomično) stanovništvo Gaze , neophodan uslov da se ispuni zakonski prag genocida.[21][24][25] Većina bliskoistočnih naučnika sa sjedištem u SAD-u vjeruje da su izraelske akcije u Gazi imale za cilj da je učine nenastanjivom za Palestince, a 75% njih kaže da izraelske akcije u Gazi predstavljaju ili genocid ili "velike ratne zločine slične genocidu".[26][27]

U junu 2024. Ured UN-a za ljudska prava osudio je prijavljeno ubistvo 500 zdravstvenih radnika.[28] U augustu 2024. samo je 17 od 36 bolnica u Gazi bilo djelimično funkcionalno;[29] 84% zdravstvenih centara u regiji je uništeno ili su pretrpjela oštećenje.[30] Nametnuta izraelska blokada uveliko je doprinijela gladovanju i prijetnji gladi u Pojasu Gaze, dok su izraelske snage spriječile da humanitarne zalihe dođu do palestinskog stanovništva, blokirajući ili napadajući humanitarne konvoje. Na početku sukoba, Izrael je prekinuo opskrbu vodom i strujom Pojasa Gaze. Izrael je također uništio brojne kulturno značajne zgrade, uključujući 13 biblioteka,[31][32] svih 12 univerziteta u Gazi i 80% njenih škola,[33][34] desetine džamija, tri crkve i dva muzeja.[35][36][37] Do sredine augusta 2024, nakon devet mjeseci napada, izraelska vojna akcija dovela je do preko 40.000 potvrđenih smrtnih slučajeva Palestinaca – 1 od svakih 59 ljudi u Gazi – u prosjeku 148 smrtnih slučajeva dnevno. Većina žrtava su civili,[38][39] od kojih su najmanje 50% žene i djeca,[40][41] i više od 100 novinara.[42][43][44] Smatra se da je još hiljade mrtvih tijela pod ruševinama uništenih zgrada.[39][45]

Vlada Južnoafričke Republike pokrenula je postupak, Južnoafrička Republika protiv Izraela, na Međunarodnom sudu pravde (ICJ), navodeći kršenje Konvencije o genocidu.[46] U početnoj presudi, ICJ je smatrao da Južnoafrička Republika ima pravo da pokrene svoj slučaj protiv Izraela, dok je Palestincima priznato da imaju "uvjerljivo pravo da budu zaštićeni od genocida"[47] koji se suočava sa stvarnim rizikom od nepopravljive štete. Sud je naložio Izraelu da poštuje svoje obaveze prema Konvenciji o genocidu poduzimajući sve mjere koje su u njegovoj moći da spriječi počinjenje djela genocida, da spriječi i kazni poticanje na genocid, te da omogući osnovne humanitarne usluge u Gazi.[48][49][50] Sud je također kasnije naredio Izraelu da poveća humanitarnu pomoć u Gazi i da spriječi genocidna djela tokom ofanzive na Rafah.[51][52] Izraelska vlada je odbacila navode Južnoafričke Republike[50] i tvrdila da se Izrael brani.[53][54] Izraelske pristalice kažu da je optuživanje Izraela za genocid antisemitsko,[55][56] ali drugi tvrde da su optužbe za antisemitizam način da se zaštiti Izrael od takvih optužbi.[57][58] U početnoj presudi, ICJ je utvrdio da Južnoafrička Republika ima pravo pokrenuti svoj slučaj, dok je Palestincima priznato pravo na zaštitu od genocida.[47] Sud je naredio Izraelu da preduzme sve mjere u svojoj moći kako bi spriječio počinjenje djela genocida, spriječio i kaznio podsticanje na genocid i omogućio osnovne humanitarne usluge, pomoć i zalihe u Gazi.[48][59][53] Sud je kasnije naredio Izraelu da poveća humanitarnu pomoć Gazi i zaustavi ofanzivu na Rafah.[60][61] Izrael nije postupio u skladu sa nalozima suda[62][63][64] i umjesto toga je nastavio ofanzivu na Rafah raseljavanjem stanovnika grada i rušenjem hiljada zgrada.[65][66]

"Namjera uništenja" je neophodan uslov za ispunjavanje zakonskog praga genocida. Razni naučnici tvrde da je namjera uništenja dokazana izjavama izraelskih zvaničnika i izraelskom politikom i ponašanjem,[67][68][69] dok se drugi ne slažu.

Pozadina

[uredi | uredi izvor]

Arapsko-izraelski rat 1948. doveo je do uspostavljanja Izraela u većini onoga što je bila Mandatna Palestina, s izuzetkom dvije odvojene teritorije koje su postale poznate kao Zapadna obala i Pojas Gaze, koje su držali Jordan i Egipat. Nakon Šestodnevnog rata 1967, Izrael je okupirao palestinske teritorije Zapadne obale i pojasa Gaze.[70] U narednom periodu došlo je do dva narodna ustanka Palestinaca protiv izraelske okupacije; Prva i Druga intifada, 1987. i 2000.[71] Potonji je okončan jednostranim povlačenjem Izraela iz Gaze 2005.[72][73]

Od 2007. Pojasom Gaze upravlja Hamas, islamistička militantna grupa, dok je Zapadna obala ostala pod kontrolom palestinskih vlasti predvođenih Fatahom. Nakon što je Hamas preuzeo vlast, Izrael je uveo blokadu pojasa Gaze[74][75] što je značajno oštetilo njegovu ekonomiju.[76] Izrael je opravdao blokadu navodeći bezbjednosne brige,[77] ali su međunarodne grupe za ljudska prava nazvale blokadu oblikom kolektivne kazne.[78][79][80] Agencija Ujedinjenih nacija za pomoć palestinskim izbjeglicama na Bliskom istoku je izvijestila da je, zbog blokade, 81% stanovnika Gaze živjelo ispod nivoa siromaštva 2023, sa 63% nesigurno hrane i ovisno o međunarodnoj pomoći.[81][82]

Od 2007. Izrael i Hamas, zajedno sa drugim palestinskim militantnim grupama sa sjedištem u Gazi, sudjeluju u sukobima,[75][77][83] uključujući četiri rata 2008–2009, 2012, 2014 i 2021.[84][85] U ovim sukobima ubijeno je oko 6.400 Palestinaca i 300 Izraelaca.[81][86][87] U periodu 2018–2019. održani su veliki sedmični organizirani protesti u blizini granice Gaze i Izraela, koje je nasilno ugušio Izrael, čiji su snajperisti ubili stotine i ranili hiljade Palestinaca.[88][89] Ubrzo nakon početka izraelsko-palestinske krize 2021., Hamasovo vojno krilo, Brigade Al-Kasam, počelo je planiranje operacije protiv Izraela 7. oktobra 2023.[90][91] Prema diplomatama, Hamas je više puta govorio u mjesecima prije oktobra 2023. da ne želi novu vojnu eskalaciju u Gazi jer bi to pogoršalo humanitarnu krizu koja se dogodila nakon sukoba 2021.[80]

Dana 7. oktobra 2023, Hamas je predvodio napad na Izrael iz Gaze,[92][93][94] što je rezultiralo sa najmanje 1.139[95][96][f] smrtnih slučajeva, većinom civila.[101] Izrael je odgovorio veoma destruktivnom[102] kampanjom bombardovanja praćenom invazijom na pojas Gaze 27. oktobra.[103] Neki naučnici su tvrdili da je postojao genocid nad Palestincima prije napada 7. oktobra, ali je izraelska vojna kampanja u Gazi okarakterizirana kao genocidna od strane Južnoafričke Republike i drugih pristalica argumenta o genocidu.[104][105]

Zvaničnici Hamasa rekli su da je napad bio odgovor na izraelsku okupaciju, blokadu pojasa Gaze, nasilje izraelskih naseljenika nad Palestincima, ograničenja kretanja Palestinaca i zatvaranje hiljada Palestinaca, koje je Hamas pokušao osloboditi zauzimanjem Izraelskih taoca.[106][107][108] Brojni komentatori su identifikovali širi kontekst izraelske okupacije kao uzrok rata.[109][110][111] Associated Press je pisao da su Palestinci "u očaju zbog beskrajne okupacije Zapadne obale i zagušljive blokade Gaze".[112] Nekoliko organizacija za ljudska prava, uključujući Amnesty International,[113] B'Tselem,[114] i Human Rights Watch[115] uporedilo je izraelsku okupaciju sa apartheidom; Izraelske pristalice osporavaju ovu karakterizaciju.[116][117] Savjetodavno mišljenje Međunarodnog suda pravde objavljeno u julu 2024. potvrdilo je da je okupacija nezakonita i da se time krši član 3. Međunarodne konvencije o eliminaciji svih oblika rasne diskriminacije, koja zabranjuje rasnu segregaciju i apartheid.[118]

Bilješke

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  1. ↑ Prema podacima Ministarstva zdravstva Gaze i Vladinog ureda za informisanje,[1] koje su prethodno istaknute i nezavisne organizacije smatrale pouzdanim.[2][3] U istom periodu najmanje 990 Palestinaca je ubijeno na Zapadnoj obali.[4]
  2. ↑ Postoji veća procjena od 64.260 ukupnih direktnih smrtnih slučajeva između početka sukoba do kraja juna 2024, a vjerovatno će premašiti 70.000 do oktobra 2024.[5] Do januara 2025, ovaj broj bi se povećao na oko 80.000[6] a zatim do 93.000 (77.000 do 109.000) do maja 2025.[7]
  3. ↑
    • Korištenjem metoda opisanih u The Lancet, Devi Sridhar, Predsjedavajući katedre za globalno zdravlje na Univerzitetu u Edinburghu, napisao je u uvodniku iz septembra 2024. da se "ukupan broj smrtnih slučajeva od početka sukoba procjenjuje na oko 335.500 ukupno".[8]
    • Pored direktnih smrtnih slučajeva, oružani sukobi rezultiraju i indirektnim smrtnim slučajevima "koji se mogu pripisati sukobu". Smrtnost usljed indirektnih smrtnih slučajeva može biti uzrokovana raznim uzrocima, kao što su zarazne bolesti.[9]
    • Geneva Declaration Secretariat 2008, str. 4: "Odnos ljudi poginulih u ratu i onih koji su indirektno umrli zbog sukoba istražen je u poglavlju o indirektnim smrtima (INDIREKTNE SMRTI U SUKOBU). Studije pokazuju da na svaku osobu koja umre nasilno, između tri i 15 puta više ljudi umre indirektno."
  4. ↑ Procjenjuje se da je pod ruševinama više od 10.000 ljudi[10]
  5. ↑ Uništavanje uključuje:[1][20]
    • najmanje 436.000 domova
    • 496 obrazovnih ustanova
    • 267 bogomolja
    • 22 bolnice su djelomično funkcionalne
    • 83% bunara bunara nije u funkciji
  6. ↑ Nije jasno koliko je smrtnih slučajeva bilo rezultat prijateljske vatre ili Hanibalove direktive. U članku na Ynetu navodi se da je tokom napada 7. oktobra postojao "ogroman i složen broj" incidenata s prijateljskom vatrom od strane IDF-a.[97][98][99][100]

Reference

[uredi | uredi izvor]
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  39. 1 2 Tantesh, Malak A.; Graham-Harrison, Emma (15. 8. 2024). "Gaza rubble likely to conceal untold horrors to swell 40,000 death toll". The Guardian. Arhivirano s originala, 22. 8. 2024. Pristupljeno 19. 8. 2024.
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  71. ↑ "Intifada". Encyclopedia Britannica. 23. 10. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 14. 11. 2023. Pristupljeno 16. 11. 2023.
  72. ↑ "Frequently asked questions on ICRC's work in Israel and the occupied territories". International Committee of the Red Cross. 13. 10. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 29. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 30. 10. 2023.
  73. ↑ "Gaza Strip explained: Who controls it and what to know". NBC News. 9. 10. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 31. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 30. 10. 2023.
  74. ↑ Perry, Tom; McDowall, Angus (7. 10. 2023). Harvey, Jan (ured.). "Timeline of conflict between Israel and Palestinians in Gaza". Reuters. Arhivirano s originala, 7. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 7. 10. 2023.
  75. 1 2 Kane, Alex; Cohen, Mari; Shamir, Jonathan; Scher, Isaac (10. 10. 2023). "The Hamas Attacks and Israeli Response: An Explainer". Jewish Currents. Arhivirano s originala, 14. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 15. 10. 2023.
  76. ↑ "Gaza Strip: Interim Damage Assessment" (PDF). World Bank/European Union/United Nations. 29. 3. 2024. str. 5. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 1. 5. 2024.
  77. 1 2 Meakem, Allison (10. 10. 2023). "The Geopolitics of Palestine, Explained". Foreign Policy. Arhivirano s originala, 15. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 16. 10. 2023.
  78. ↑
  79. ↑ Ackerman, Seth (4. 1. 2024). "There was an Iron Wall in Gaza". Jacobin. Arhivirano s originala, 5. 1. 2024. Pristupljeno 8. 1. 2024. The unemployment rate soared to "probably the highest in the world", four-fifths of the population were forced to rely on humanitarian assistance, three-quarters became dependent on food aid, more than half faced "acute food insecurity", one in ten children were stunted by malnutrition, and over 96 percent of potable water became unsafe for human consumption.
  80. 1 2 Abdulrahim, Raja (7. 10. 2023). "Gaza Has Suffered Under 16-Year Blockade". The New York Times. Arhivirano s originala, 24. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 16. 10. 2023.
  81. 1 2 Alfonseca, Kiara (11. 10. 2023). "Palestinian civilians suffer in Israel–Gaza crossfire as death toll rises". ABC News. Arhivirano s originala, 12. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 12. 10. 2023.
  82. ↑ "The Gaza Strip: The humanitarian impact of 15 years of blockade". UNICEF. juni 2022. Arhivirano s originala, 15. 11. 2023. Pristupljeno 16. 11. 2023.
  83. ↑ Beauchamp, Zack (7. 10. 2023). "Why did Hamas invade Israel?". Vox. Arhivirano s originala, 7. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 6. 11. 2023.
  84. ↑ "These six charts show the scale of human loss in the Israel–Gaza war". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 19. 11. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 2. 2. 2024. Pristupljeno 2. 2. 2024.
  85. ↑ Tan, Joanna (12. 11. 2023). "Charts show a stark difference in the human cost of Israeli-Palestinian conflicts over the years". CNBC. Arhivirano s originala, 14. 1. 2024. Pristupljeno 7. 3. 2024.
  86. ↑ "Where We Work. Gaza Strip". United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). Arhivirano s originala, 12. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 12. 10. 2023.
  87. ↑ "Data on casualties". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs – occupied Palestinian territory (OCHAoPt). Arhivirano s originala, 12. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 12. 10. 2023.
  88. ↑ "Two Years On: People Injured and Traumatized During the "Great March of Return" are Still Struggling". un.org. United Nations. Arhivirano s originala, 4. 3. 2024. Pristupljeno 5. 3. 2024.
  89. ↑ Fayyad, Huthifa (30. 3. 2019). "Gaza's Great March of Return protests explained". Al Jazeera. Arhivirano s originala, 17. 2. 2024. Pristupljeno 5. 3. 2024.
  90. ↑ Klein, Menachem (28. 11. 2023). "Israeli arrogance thwarted a Palestinian political path. October 7 revealed the cost". +972 magazine. Arhivirano s originala, 29. 11. 2023.
  91. ↑ "Hamas Says Its Attack on Israel Was Planned for Two Years". The Wall Street Journal. 14. 10. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 13. 11. 2023. Pristupljeno 4. 12. 2023.
  92. ↑ "Hamas leader Haniyeh: Battle 'will spread to West Bank, Jerusalem'". Arab News. Associated Press and Reuters. 8. 10. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 18. 10. 2023. The leader of Hamas' military wing, Mohammed Deif, said Saturday's assault was in response to the 16-year blockade of Gaza, Israeli raids inside West Bank cities over the past year, violence at Al-Aqsa and increasing attacks by settlers on Palestinians, and growth of settlements.
  93. ↑ CBC 2023.
  94. ↑ Shaw 2024, str. 1.
  95. ↑ Semerdjian 2024, str. 1.
  96. ↑ Marsi, Frederica; Siddiqui, Usaid (13. 3. 2024). "Israel's war on Gaza live: Dozens of casualties in Israeli attack on UN hub". Al Jazeera. Arhivirano s originala, 13. 3. 2024. Pristupljeno 13. 3. 2024.
  97. ↑ Zitun, Yoav (12. 12. 2023). "One-fifth of troop fatalities in Gaza due to friendly fire or accidents, IDF reports". Ynetnews (jezik: engleski). Arhivirano s originala, 14. 12. 2023. Pristupljeno 15. 12. 2023. Casualties fell as a result of friendly fire on October 7, but the IDF believes that beyond the operational investigations of the events, it would not be morally sound to investigate these incidents due to the immense and complex quantity of them that took place in the kibbutzim and southern Israeli communities due to the challenging situations the soldiers were in at the time.
  98. ↑ Cook, Jonathan (15. 12. 2023). "Why is western media ignoring evidence of Israel's own actions on 7 October?". Middle East Eye (jezik: engleski). Arhivirano s originala, 15. 12. 2023. Pristupljeno 15. 12. 2023.
  99. ↑ Bergman, Ronen; Zitun, Yoav (10. 1. 2024). "ההוראה: למנוע ממחבלים לחזור לעזה 'בכל מחיר', גם אם יש איתם חטופים" [The instructions: prevent terrorists from returning to Gaza "at all costs" even if there are hostages with them]. Ynet (jezik: hebrejski). Arhivirano s originala, 24. 2. 2024. Pristupljeno 12. 1. 2024.
  100. ↑ Bergman, Ronen; Zitun, Yoav (12. 1. 2024). "השעות הראשונות של השבת השחורה" [The first hours of Black Saturday]. Yedioth Ahronoth (jezik: hebrejski). Arhivirano s originala, 18. 1. 2024. Pristupljeno 19. 1. 2024.
  101. ↑ "Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths". France 24. 15. 12. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 4. 3. 2024.
  102. ↑ Dyer, Evan (30. 12. 2023). "Israel's Gaza bombing campaign is the most destructive of this century, analysts say". CBC News. Arhivirano s originala, 30. 6. 2024.
  103. ↑ Segal i Daniele 2024, str. 6.
  104. ↑ Jamshidi 2024, str. 1–4.
  105. ↑ Semerdjian 2024, str. 3–4.
  106. ↑ "Fears of a ground invasion of Gaza grow as Israel vows 'mighty vengeance'". Al Jazeera. 7. 10. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 8. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 8. 10. 2023.
  107. ↑ McKernan, Bethan; Michaelson, Ruth; Graham-Harrison, Emma; Kierszenbaum, Quique; Balousha, Hazem; Taha, Sufian; Sherwood, Harriet; Beaumont, Peter (14. 10. 2023). "Seven days of terror that shook the world and changed the Middle East". The Observer. Pristupljeno 1. 11. 2023.
  108. ↑ Pacchiani, Luca (7. 10. 2023). "Hamas deputy chief anticipates hostages will be swapped for Palestinian prisoners". The Times of Israel. Pristupljeno 25. 10. 2023.
  109. ↑ Matar, Haggai (7. 10. 2023). "Gaza's shock attack has terrified Israelis. It should also unveil the context". +972 Magazine. Arhivirano s originala, 31. 12. 2023. Pristupljeno 31. 12. 2023.
  110. ↑ Schenker, Hillel (12. 10. 2023). "The Catastrophe of October 7. Why Did It Happen?". The Nation. Arhivirano s originala, 31. 12. 2023. Pristupljeno 31. 12. 2023.
  111. ↑ Barghouti, Mariam (14. 10. 2023). "On October 7, Gaza broke out of prison". Al Jazeera. Pristupljeno 31. 12. 2023.
  112. ↑ Federman, Josef; Adwan, Issam (7. 10. 2023). "Hamas militant group has started a war that 'Israel will win,' defense minister says". Associated Press. Arhivirano s originala, 7. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 7. 10. 2023.
  113. ↑ Israel's Apartheid Against Palestinians: Cruel System of Domination and Crime Against Humanity (PDF) (Report). Amnesty International. januar 2022. Arhivirano (PDF) s originala, 1. 2. 2022. Pristupljeno 6. 11. 2023.
  114. ↑ "A regime of Jewish supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This is apartheid". B'Tselem. 12. 1. 2021. Arhivirano s originala, 8. 5. 2021. Pristupljeno 6. 11. 2023. A regime that uses laws, practices and organized violence to cement the supremacy of one group over another is an apartheid regime. Israeli apartheid, which promotes the supremacy of Jews over Palestinians, was not born in one day or of a single speech. It is a process that has gradually grown more institutionalized and explicit, with mechanisms introduced over time in law and practice to promote Jewish supremacy. These accumulated measures, their pervasiveness in legislation and political practice, and the public and judicial support they receive – all form the basis for our conclusion that the bar for labeling the Israeli regime as apartheid has been met.
  115. ↑ Holmes, Oliver (27. 4. 2021). "Israel is committing the crime of apartheid, rights group says". The Guardian. Arhivirano s originala, 2. 2. 2022. Pristupljeno 6. 11. 2023.
  116. ↑ "Israël: l'Assemblée nationale rejette une résolution communiste dénonçant un "régime d'apartheid"" [Israel: National Assembly rejects communist resolution denouncing 'apartheid regime']. Le Figaro (jezik: francuski). 4. 5. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 14. 6. 2023. Pristupljeno 8. 12. 2023.
  117. ↑ Hutzler, Alexandra; Peller, Lauren (19. 7. 2023). "House passes resolution saying Israel isn't a 'racist or apartheid state'". ABC News. Arhivirano s originala, 30. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 15. 11. 2023.
  118. ↑ Siddique, Haroon (19. 7. 2024). "UN court orders Israel to end its occupation of Palestinian territories". The Guardian (jezik: engleski). ISSN 0261-3077. Arhivirano s originala, 22. 7. 2024. Pristupljeno 25. 9. 2024.

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  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Narea, Nicole (25. 10. 2024). "Is Israel committing genocide? Reexamining the question, a year later". Vox. Arhivirano s originala, 27. 10. 2024. Pristupljeno 28. 10. 2024.
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Nichols, Michelle (11. 10. 2023). "Palestinian UN envoy accuses Israel of 'genocidal' campaign against Gaza". Reuters News (jezik: engleski). Arhivirano s originala, 14. 11. 2023. Pristupljeno 13. 10. 2023.
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • "Gaza: UN human rights experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people" (Press release). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 16. 11. 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 27. 11. 2023.
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • "UN Commission finds war crimes and crimes against humanity in Israeli attacks on Gaza health facilities and treatment of detainees, hostages". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (Press release). 10. 10. 2024. Arhivirano s originala, 11. 12. 2024. Pristupljeno 10. 10. 2024.
  • Six-month update report on the human rights situation in Gaza: 1 November 2023 to 30 April 2024 (PDF) (Report). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 8. 11. 2024. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 19. 11. 2024.
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • "Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza" (Press release). Third World Approaches to International Law Review. 20. 10. 2023 [Statement released 15 October 2023]. Arhivirano s originala, 23. 11. 2023. Pristupljeno 2. 7. 2024.
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • ——— (2. 4. 2024). "Settler Antisemitism, Israeli Mass Violence, and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies". Journal of Palestine Studies. 53 (2): 50–73. doi:10.1080/0377919X.2024.2384385.
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  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Sherwood, Harriet (17. 10. 2023). "Hamas says 250 people held hostage in Gaza". The Guardian (jezik: engleski). ISSN 0261-3077. Arhivirano s originala, 16. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 19. 10. 2023.
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • International human rights clinic, Boston University School of Law; International human rights clinic, Cornell Law School; Centre for human rights, University of Pretoria; Lowenstein human rights project, Yale Law School (15. 5. 2024). Genocide in Gaza: Analysis of international law and its application to Israel's military actions since October 7, 2023 (PDF) (Report). University Network for Human Rights. Arhivirano (PDF) s originala, 18. 5. 2024.
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Vinograd, Cassandra; Kershner, Isabel (9. 10. 2023). "Hamas Took Scores of Hostages From Israel. Here's What We Know About Them". The New York Times. Arhivirano s originala, 9. 10. 2023. Pristupljeno 9. 10. 2023.
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).
  • Lua error in Modul:Cite at line 60: attempt to call field '_citation' (a nil value).

Dodatna literatura

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Vanjski linkovi

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Preuzeto iz "https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genocid_u_Pojasu_Gaze&oldid=3766345"